KIC Lesson 48 Workbook
Table of Contents
- # 1. ๐ Readings and Meanings Table
- # 1B. ๐ Sound Components & Phonetic Series
- # 2. ๐ฐ Contextual Reading Practice
-
# 3. ๐ Complete Vocabulary List
- ## 685 โ ่ข (sack)
- ## 686 โ ่ฃฝ (made in...)
- ## 687 โ ๅถ (system)
- ## 688 โ ่ช (nativity)
- ## 689 โ ๅปถ (prolong)
- ## 690 โ ๆ (period)
- ## 691 โ ๅบ (fundamentals)
- ## 692 โ ็ค (cornerstone)
- ## 693 โ ็ (doubt)
- ## 694 โ ็ดน (introduce)
- ## 695 โ ไป (jammed in)
- ## 696 โ ๆ (beckon)
- # 4. ๐ก Study Aids & Learning Tips
- # 5. โ๏ธ Writing Practice Prompts
- # 6. ๐งช Quick Self-Test
- # 7. ๐ Clean Challenge Versions (No Furigana)
- # ๐ Notes
Focus: How things are made and how they begin โ manufacturing systems, lifecycles and time-spans, the foundations underneath, the doubts around them, and the social moves that bring people together. Range: Characters 685โ696 โ ่ข, ่ฃฝ, ๅถ, ่ช, ๅปถ, ๆ, ๅบ, ็ค, ็, ็ดน, ไป, ๆ Companion: Kanji Reference โ radicals, functional components, etymology, and stroke order
This workbook is designed for systematic study of Lesson 48. It includes:
- โ Readings and meanings reference table
- โ Sound components & phonetic series (full structural analysis in the Reference)
- โ Contextual reading practice articles (ร3, each in N3/N2 and Advanced versions)
- โ Complete vocabulary list
- โ Targeted study aids and tips
- โ Clean (no-furigana) versions for retrieval testing
- โ Quick self-test with answers
1. ๐ Readings and Meanings Table
| No. | Kanji | Meaning | On'yomi (้ณ่ชญใฟ) | Kun'yomi (่จ่ชญใฟ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 685 | ่ข | sack, bag, pouch | ใฟใค, ใใค | ใตใใ |
| 686 | ่ฃฝ | made in..., manufacture | ใปใค | (ใชใ) |
| 687 | ๅถ | system, law, rule | ใปใค | (ใชใ) |
| 688 | ่ช | nativity, be born, declension | ใฟใณ | (ใชใ) |
| 689 | ๅปถ | prolong, stretching | ใจใณ | ใฎ.ใณใ, ใฎ.ในใ, ใฎ.ใน, ใฎ.ใฐใ |
| 690 | ๆ | period, time, date | ใญ, ใด | (ใชใ) |
| 691 | ๅบ | fundamentals, radical (chem), counter for machines | ใญ | ใใจ, ใใจใ |
| 692 | ็ค | cornerstone, foundation stone | ใฝ | ใใใใ |
| 693 | ็ | doubt, distrust, be suspicious | ใฎ | ใใใ.ใ |
| 694 | ็ดน | introduce, inherit, help | ใทใงใฆ | (ใชใ) |
| 695 | ไป | jammed in, shellfish, mediate | ใซใค | (ใชใ) |
| 696 | ๆ | beckon, invite, summon | ใทใงใฆ | ใพใญ.ใ |
1B. ๐ Sound Components & Phonetic Series
The high-leverage insight for predicting on'yomi during article reading: which kanji share a sound component, and what reading does that component carry?
For full structural analysis โ radicals, functional components (meaning / sound / form), per-kanji etymology, and stroke order โ see the Kanji Reference companion file.
Phonetic Series Summary
| Sound Component | Reading | In This Lesson | Other Common Kanji |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๅ ถ | ใญ | ๆ, ๅบ | ๆฃ (chess), ๆ (flag) |
| ๅฌ | ใทใงใฆ | ็ดน, ๆ | ๆฒผ (swamp), ๆญ (clear/bright) |
| ๅถ | ใปใค | ๅถ, ่ฃฝ | (ๅถ is itself the phonetic in ่ฃฝ) |
๐ก Lesson highlight: This chapter has three clean phonetic pairs in eleven kanji โ exceptional density. ๆ & ๅบ both share ๅ ถใใญใ, ็ดน & ๆ both share ๅฌใใทใงใฆใ, and ่ฃฝ is literally ๅถ with ่กฃ (clothing) underneath, sharing both glyph and reading ใปใค. Recognising these on sight saves you from memorising six readings as six independent facts.
2. ๐ฐ Contextual Reading Practice
Each topic has two versions: ๐ข N3/N2 Level โ simpler structures, ใงใ/ใพใ register, core compounds. ๐ด Advanced Level โ natural Japanese, dense nominal phrases, formal/literary register. Furigana is applied only to non-chapter words that are genuinely difficult, first occurrence per article only. Lesson kanji (่ข ่ฃฝ ๅถ ่ช ๅปถ ๆ ๅบ ็ค ็ ็ดน ไป ๆ) appear unglossed throughout โ read them actively.
๐๏ธ Topic 1: ๆฐ่ฃฝๅใฎ่ช็ โ A New Product is Born
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ๆฅๆใๅฝๅ ใฎๅคงๆใกใผใซใผใๆฐใใในใใผใใใฉใณใฎ่ช็ใ็บ่กจใใพใใ่ฃฝๅใฎๅๅใฏใMiraiใใงใๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝใฎๆฐ็ด ๆใไฝฟใฃใ่ปฝ้ใชๆฉ็จฎใงใใๆ้้ๅฎใงไบ็ดใๅงใพใใพใใใ
็บ่กจไผใซใฏ่ๅใช่ฉ่ซๅฎถใๆๅพ ใใใพใใใใ็ปๆ็ใช่ฃฝๅใงใใใจไธไบบใ่จใใจใๅฅใฎไบบใฏใๆฌๅฝใซๆฐใใใฎใใๅฐใ็ๅใๆฎใใพใใใจๅฟใใพใใใๅบๆฌๆฉ่ฝใฏๅพๆฅใจๅใใ ใใใงใใ็บๅฃฒๆฅใฏไบๆใใๅปถๆใซใชใใๆๆใพใง็ทๅผตใ็ถใใพใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ่ช็, ่ฃฝๅ, ๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝ, ๆ้, ๆๅพ , ็ปๆ็ใช, ็ๅ, ๅบๆฌ, ไบๆ, ๅปถๆ, ๆๆ
๐ด Advanced Version
ๆฅๆใๅฝๅ ๆๆฐใฎ็ซฏๆซใกใผใซใผใๆฐไธไปฃในใใผใใใฉใณใฎ่ช็ใๆญฃๅผใซๅ็ฅใใใใMiraiใใจ้ๆใใใๅฝ่ฉฒ่ฃฝๅใฏใๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝใฎ็ฌ่ช็ด ๆใๅ จ้ขๆก็จใใ่ปฝ้็ญไฝใ็น้ทใจใใๅฝ้ขใฏๆ้้ๅฎใฎๅ ่กไบ็ดๅถใงๅฑ้ใใใๆจกๆงใงใใใ
ๆฅญ็ใฎ่ๅ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใๅคๆฐๆๅพ ใใ็บ่กจไผใงใฏใใ็ปๆ็ใชไธๅใใจใฎ็งฐ่ณใ็ธๆฌกใใ ไธๆนใใๆฌ่ณช็ๆฐ่ฆๆงใซๅฏพใใ็ๅฟตใฏๆญใ้ฃใใใจใฎๆ็็่ซ่ฉใๆฃ่ฆใใใใๅบๆฌๆฉ่ฝใฏๅพๆฅๆฉใฎๅปถ้ท็ทไธใซใใใจใฎๆๆใงใใใ็บๅฃฒๆฅใฏไบๆใใฌไพ็ตฆๅถ็ดใซใใๅปถๆๆช็ฝฎใๅใใใๆๆใพใงๆฅญ็ๅ ใฎ็ทๅผตใฏ็ถ็ถใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ่ช็, ่ฃฝๅ, ๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝ, ๆ้, ๅถ, ๆๅพ , ็ปๆ็ใช, ็ๅฟต, ๅบๆฌ, ๅปถ้ท, ไบๆ, ๅปถๆ, ๆๆ
๐๏ธ Topic 2: ๆฐๅ ฅ็คพๅกใฎ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไปใจ็ ไฟฎ โ New-Hire Self-Introductions and Training
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ๅๆใซใชใใๆฐๅ ฅ็คพๅกใฎ็ ไฟฎใๅงใพใใพใใใๆๅใฎไธ้ฑ้ใฏใๅ้จ็ฝฒใฎๅ ่ผฉใๆๅพ ใใใฆใ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไปใฎๅ ดใไฝๅบฆใ่จญใใใใพใใใใ็ญๆ็ใช็ฎๆจใใใ้ทๆ็ใช่ฆ็นใๅคงไบใงใใใจไบบไบ่ชฒใฎๆนใๅผท่ชฟใใพใใใ
็ ไฟฎใฎๅบๆฌใฏใไผ็คพใฎๅถๅบฆใ็่งฃใใใใจใจใๅๆใจใฎไบบ้้ขไฟใฎๅบ็คใไฝใใใจใงใใๆธ้กใซๅฟ ่ฆใชใใฎใฏใ็ด่ขใซๅ ฅใฃใใใใฅใขใซใจๆๅธณใงใใๅๆฅใซๆๆใใใใฆๆกๅ ใใใใฎใฏใใใใฆใ้ฃๅ ใไผ่ญฐๅฎคใงใใๆ้ใฏไธใๆใงใๆๆซใซ็ฐกๅใช่ฉฆ้จใใใใพใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๆๅพ , ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไป, ็ญๆ็, ้ทๆ็, ๅถๅบฆ, ๅบๆฌ, ๅบ็ค, ่ข, ๆๆใ, ๆ้, ๆๆซ
๐ด Advanced Version
ๅๆใซ็ชๅ ฅใใใใๆฐๅ ฅ็คพๅก็ ไฟฎใไธๆใซๅงๅใใใๆๅใฎไธ้ฑ้ใฏใๅ้จ็ฝฒใฎๅ ่ผฉใๆๅพ ใใฆใฎ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไปใปใใทใงใณใ็นฐใ่ฟใ่จญใใใใ็ต็นๅ ไบบ่ใฎ็ซฏ็ทใ็ตใฐใใฆใใใใ็ญๆ็ใชๆๆๆๆจใใใ้ทๆ็ใช่ฆๅบงใซ็ซ่ใใ่กๅใใใจไบบไบๆ ๅฝ่ ใฏ็นฐใ่ฟใๅผท่ชฟใใใ
็ ไฟฎใฎ้ชจๅญใฏใไผๆฅญๅถๅบฆใฎไฝ็ณป็็่งฃใจใๅๆ้ใซใใใไบบ้้ขไฟใฎๅบ็คๆง็ฏใซใใใ้ ๅธใใใ้ ๅธ็ฉใฏ่ณๆ่ขใซๅๆขฑใใใใใใฅใขใซใจๆๅธณไธๅผใงใๅๆฅใฏๆๆใใซใใ้ฃๅ ใไผ่ญฐๅฎคใธใจ้ๆๆกๅ ใใใใ็ ไฟฎๆ้ใฏไธใๆใงใๆๆซใซ็ฐกๆ็ใช่จบๆญ่ฉฆ้จใๅฎๆฝใใใ้ใณใจใชใฃใฆใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๆๅพ , ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไป, ็ญๆ็, ้ทๆ็, ๅถๅบฆ, ๅบ็ค, ่ข, ๆๆใ, ๆ้, ๆๆซ
๐๏ธ Topic 3: ๅค็ฝช็ๆใจๅธๆณๅถๅบฆ โ Wrongful-Conviction Suspicions and the Justice System
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ๆ่ฟใใใๅฎน็่ ใ็ก็ฝชใ่จดใใไบไปถใๆณจ็ฎใใใฆใใพใใ่ญฆๅฏใฏๅๅใช่จผๆ ใใใใจ่จใใพใใใๅผ่ญทๅฃซใฏใ่จผๆ ใฎๅบๆฌใซ็ๅใใใใใจๅ่ซใใฆใใพใใ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญใฎๆ้ใซใฏใ่จ่ ใใกใฎๅณใใ่ณชๅใ็ถใใพใใใ
่ฃๅคใฎๅถๅบฆใงใฏใๅฎน็ใ็ซใคใ ใใงใฏๆ็ฝชใซใชใใพใใใๅบ็คใจใชใไบๅฎใไธใคใฒใจใค็ขบ่ชใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใพใใไปๅใฏๅ ฌๅคใไฝๅบฆใๅปถๆใใใๆใๅคงใใช็ๅฟตใฏใ่จผๆ ใๆไฝใใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใงใใไปๅ ฅใใ็ฌฌไธ่ ใฎๅฝนๅฒใ้่ฆใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๅฎน็่ , ๅบๆฌ, ็ๅ, ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญ, ๅถๅบฆ, ๅบ็ค, ๅปถๆ, ็ๅฟต, ไปๅ ฅ
๐ด Advanced Version
ๆ่ฟใใใๅฎน็่ ใไธ่ฒซใใฆ็ก็ฝชใไธปๅผตใใฆใใไบไปถใไธ้ใฎ่ณ็ฎใ้ใใฆใใใๆๆปๅฝๅฑใฏๅๅ จใช็ฉ็่จผๆ ใๆใฃใฆใใใจๅผทๅผใใใใๅผ่ญทๅดใฏใๆ็คบใใใ่จผๆ ใฎๅบๆฌๆง้ ใใฎใใฎใซๆ นๆฌ็ใช็ๅใๆฎใใใจๅ่ซใๅฑ้ใใฆใใใ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญใฎๅฑ้ขใงใฏใ่ฉฐใๅฏใ่จ่ ๅฃใใ็็ใช่ณชๅใ็ธๆฌกใใ ใ
็พ่กๅธๆณๅถๅบฆใฎ่ถฃๆจใซ็ งใใใฐใๅฎน็ใๆ็ซใใใ ใใงใฏๆ็ฝช่ชๅฎใซใฏ่ณใใใๅบ็คใจใชใไบๅฎ้ขไฟใ้ไธๆค่จผใใๆ็ถใใไธๅฏ้ฟใงใใใไปๅใฎไบๆกใงใฏใๅ ฌๅคใๅไธใซใใใๅปถๆใใใๅฑ้ใ็ถใใๆใๆทฑๅปใช็ๅฟตใจใใฆใ่จผๆ ใๆไฝใใใ่็ถๆงใใๆตฎไธใใฆใใใ็ฌฌไธ่ ใฎไปๅ ฅๅฝนๅฒใฎๅจใๆนใๅซใใๅถๅบฆๅ จ่ฌใฎๅๆค่จใๅซ็ทใฎ่ชฒ้กใจใชใฃใฆใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๅฎน็่ , ๅบๆฌ, ็ๅ, ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญ, ๅธๆณๅถๅบฆ, ๅบ็ค, ๅปถๆ, ็ๅฟต, ไปๅ ฅ
3. ๐ Complete Vocabulary List
Source: Kanji in Context by Nishiguchi & Kono โ Denisowski KIC List (v1.0). Raw file corrections silently applied; see ๐ Notes.
685 โ ่ข (sack)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ่ข | ใตใใ | sack, bag |
| ็ด่ข | ใใฟใถใใ | paper bag |
| ๆ่ข | ใฆใถใใ | glove |
| ่ขๅฐ่ทฏ | ใตใใใใใ | blind alley |
| ้ต่ข | ใใใใ | mailbag |
686 โ ่ฃฝ (made in...)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝ | ใซใปใใใ | made in Japan |
| ่ฃฝๅ | ใใใฒใ | (manufactured) product |
| ่ฃฝไฝ | ใใใใ | produce |
| ่ฃฝ้ | ใใใฆใค | iron manufacturing |
| ่ฃฝ้ๆ | ใใใฆใคใใ | ironworks |
687 โ ๅถ (system)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅถๅบฆ | ใใใฉ | system |
| ๅผทๅถ | ใใใใใ | compel, force |
| ๅผทๅถๅดๅ | ใใใใใใใใฉใ | forced labor |
| ็จๅถ | ใใใใ | taxation system |
688 โ ่ช (nativity)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ่ช็ๆฅ | ใใใใใใณ | birthday |
| ่ช็ | ใใใใใ | be born, birth |
689 โ ๅปถ (prolong)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅปถๆ | ใใใ | postpone |
| ๅปถ้ท | ใใใกใใ | extend (time) |
| ๅปถใณใ | ใฎใณใ | be postponed, be prolonged |
| ๅปถใฐใ | ใฎใฐใ | postpone, prolong, lengthen |
| ๅผใๅปถใ | ใฒใใฎใฐใ | draw or stretch out, put off (an appointment, payment, etc.) |
| ๅปถในใ | ใฎในใ | lay out (a futon), make (a bed) |
690 โ ๆ (period)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅๆ | ใใใ | first semester |
| ๅพๆ | ใใใ | second semester |
| ๅญฆๆ | ใใฃใ | semester, term |
| ๆ้ | ใใใ | period of time |
| ็ญๆๅคงๅญฆ | ใใใใ ใใใ | junior college |
| ๅฎๆ็ใช | ใฆใใใฆใใช | regularly |
| ็ญๆ็ใช | ใใใใฆใใช | short-term |
| ไธญๆ็ใช | ใกใ ใใใฆใใช | medium-term |
| ้ทๆ็ใช | ใกใใใใฆใใช | long-term |
| ็ปๆ็ใช | ใใฃใใฆใใช | epoch-making |
| ๅฎๆๅธ | ใฆใใใใ | pass (for riding a train, bus, etc.), season ticket |
| ไบๆ | ใใ | anticipate |
| ๆๆ | ใใใ | the last moment of one's life |
691 โ ๅบ (fundamentals)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅบๆฌ | ใใปใ | basis, foundation, ABCs |
| ๅบ้ | ใใใ | foundation |
| ๅบๅฐ | ใใก | (military) base |
| ๅบ็ค | ใใ | foundation, basis |
| ๅบใฅใ | ใใจใฅใ | be based on |
| ๅบ | ใใจ | foundation |
692 โ ็ค (cornerstone)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ค | ใใใใ | cornerstone |
693 โ ็ (doubt)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ใ | ใใใใ | doubt, be suspicious of, distrust |
| ็ใ | ใใใใ | doubt, suspicion |
| ็ๅ | ใใใ | question, doubt |
| ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญ | ใใคใใใใจใ | questions and answers |
| ็ๅฟต | ใใญใ | doubt, suspicion |
| ๅฎน็่ | ใใใใใ | suspect |
| ๅฎน็ | ใใใ | suspicion |
| ็ๆ | ใใใ | suspicion |
| ็็ | ใใใ | scandal |
694 โ ็ดน (introduce)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ดนไป | ใใใใใ | introduce, present |
| ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไป | ใใใใใใใ | introduce oneself |
695 โ ไป (jammed in)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ไปๅ ฅ | ใใใซใ ใ | intervene |
| ไปๅจ | ใใใใ | stand or come between |
| ้ญไป้ก | ใใใใใใ | marine products, seafood |
696 โ ๆ (beckon)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๆๅพ | ใใใใใ | invite |
| ๆใ | ใพใญใ | invite |
| ๆๆใ | ใฆใพใญใ | beckon |
4. ๐ก Study Aids & Learning Tips
A. Semantic Grouping
| Group | Kanji | Key Compounds |
|---|---|---|
| Bag / container | ่ข | ็ด่ข, ๆ่ข, ่ขๅฐ่ทฏ |
| Make and govern | ่ฃฝ, ๅถ | ่ฃฝๅ, ่ฃฝไฝ, ๅถๅบฆ, ๅผทๅถ, ็จๅถ |
| Birth and lifespan | ่ช, ๆ, ๅปถ | ่ช็, ๆ้, ๅญฆๆ, ๅปถๆ, ๅปถ้ท |
| Foundation | ๅบ, ็ค | ๅบๆฌ, ๅบ็ค, ๅบๅฐ, ็ค |
| Doubt | ็ | ็ๅ, ๅฎน็่ , ็ๅฟต, ็ๆ, ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญ |
| Social engagement | ็ดน, ไป, ๆ | ็ดนไป, ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไป, ไปๅ ฅ, ๆๅพ , ๆๆใ |
B. On'yomi Pairs & Disambiguation
| Reading | Kanji | Domain | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใปใค | ่ฃฝ | manufacture | ่ฃฝๅ |
| ใปใค | ๅถ | system / control | ๅถๅบฆ |
| ใญ | ๆ | time period | ๆ้ |
| ใญ | ๅบ | foundation | ๅบๆฌ |
| ใทใงใฆ | ็ดน | introduce | ็ดนไป |
| ใทใงใฆ | ๆ | invite, beckon | ๆๅพ |
| ใซใค | ไป | mediate, shellfish | ไปๅ ฅ |
| ใด | ๆ (rare reading) | last moment | ๆๆ |
Tip โ ่ฃฝ vs ๅถ: ่ฃฝ = manufacture (with ่กฃ = clothing underneath, the historical meaning was "making clothes"); ๅถ = system/control alone. ่ฃฝๅ (manufactured products) vs ๅถๅบฆ (system). Memorize visually: ่ฃฝ has the clothes, ๅถ doesn't.
Tip โ ๆ vs ๅบ: Both share ๅ ถใใญใas their sound component, hence the identical reading. ๆ has ๆ (moon โ time); ๅบ has ๅ (earth โ foundation). Right-side identical, bottom decides the meaning.
Tip โ ็ดน vs ๆ: Both share ๅฌใใทใงใฆใ. ็ดน has ็ณธ (thread โ connecting / linking) โ introduce. ๆ has ๆ (hand โ beckoning) โ invite. Hand for invite, thread for introduce.
Reading shift on ๆ: Almost always ใญ. The exception is ๆๆ (ใใใ) โ "the last moment of one's life", uses ใด. Don't read it as ใใใ.
C. Kun'yomi Verbs
| Verb | Reading | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๆใ | ใพใญใ | invite, beckon | ๅฎขใๆใ |
| ็ใ | ใใใใ | doubt, be suspicious of | ๅๆฉใ็ใ |
| ๅบใฅใ | ใใจใฅใ | be based on | ไบๅฎใซๅบใฅใ |
| ๅปถใณใ | ใฎใณใ | be prolonged (intrans) | ไผ่ญฐใๅปถใณใ |
| ๅปถใฐใ | ใฎใฐใ | prolong (trans) | ็ดๆใๅปถใฐใ |
| ๅปถในใ | ใฎในใ | lay out, spread | ๅธๅฃใๅปถในใ |
D. Compound Verbs with ๅปถ (the kun-rich kanji of this chapter)
ๅปถ has the most kun'yomi readings in this lesson, with three closely related verbs and several compound forms. Drill them as a family:
| Form | Reading | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๅปถใณใ | ใฎใณใ | be prolonged (intrans) | Use for things that lengthen on their own (ๆ้ใๅปถใณใ) |
| ๅปถใฐใ | ใฎใฐใ | prolong (trans) | Use when YOU extend something (ๆ้ใๅปถใฐใ) |
| ๅปถในใ | ใฎในใ | lay out, spread (trans) | Set out a futon, present opinions (ๆ่ฆใๅปถในใ โ though usually ่ฟฐในใ is preferred) |
| ๅผใๅปถใ | ใฒใใฎใฐใ | drag out, draw out | Compound; pull-stretch โ about postponing or stretching for show |
| ๅปถ้ท | ใใใกใใ | extension (noun + ใใ verb) | Of time; common in business (ๅฅ็ดใฎๅปถ้ท) |
| ๅปถๆ | ใใใ | postponement | Pure noun + ใใ verb; very common |
Mix-up alert: ๅปถในใ (ใฎในใ) and ่ฟฐในใ (ใฎในใ) are different verbs with different kanji. ๅปถในใ = lay out / spread / sum up totals. ่ฟฐในใ = state, mention. The reading is identical; context disambiguates.
E. Watch Out! โ ๏ธ
| Item | Trap | Correct |
|---|---|---|
| ่ฃฝ vs ๅถ | Confusing the two ใปใค kanji | ่ฃฝ = manufacture (with ่กฃ); ๅถ = system. ่ฃฝๅ / ๅถๅบฆ. |
| ๆ vs ๅบ | Both ใญ, both with ๅ ถ | ๆ = time (ๆ below); ๅบ = foundation (ๅ below). |
| ็ดน vs ๆ | Both ใทใงใฆ, both with ๅฌ | ็ดน = thread/introduce (็ณธ); ๆ = hand/invite (ๆ). |
| ๆๆ (ใใใ) | Reading as ใใใ | ใใใ. The only ใด reading of ๆ in regular vocab. |
| ้ญไป้ก (ใใใใใใ) | Reading as ใใใใใ | ใใใใใใ. The Denisowski raw has the wrong reading โ ้ญ = ใใ in compounds, not ใ. |
| ไป vs ็ | Visually similar | ไป has ไบบ + ๅ ซ below (mediator/shellfish); ็ has ็ฐ + ไป (boundary/world โ different kanji). |
| ๅผใๅปถใ | Looks like missing okurigana | The Denisowski raw lists this; standard form is ๅผใๅปถใฐใ. Both forms appear; ๅผใๅปถใฐใ is more common. |
| ็ๅ vs ็ๅฟต vs ็ๆ | All "doubt"-ish | ็ๅ = a specific question/doubt (mild); ็ๅฟต = lingering suspicion (medium); ็ๆ = scandalous suspicion (strong, often headlines). |
5. โ๏ธ Writing Practice Prompts
- ๆฐ่ฃฝๅ + ๆ้้ๅฎ + ็ปๆ็ใช: Write a press-release blurb for a limited-time launch of something innovative.
- ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไป + ๆๅพ + ๅบๆฌ: A new employee introducing themselves at a welcome event hosted by their manager.
- ็ๅ + ๅฎน็่ + ๅถๅบฆ: Discuss a flaw in the legal system that creates unfair suspicion.
- ่ช็ + ๅปถ้ท + ๅบ็ค: Reflect on a long-running project's birth, the extensions it needed, and the foundation it built.
6. ๐งช Quick Self-Test
Fill in the reading for each word, then check your answers.
| # | Word | Your Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ่ฃฝๅ | |
| 2 | ๅถๅบฆ | |
| 3 | ่ช็ๆฅ | |
| 4 | ๅปถๆ | |
| 5 | ๆ้ | |
| 6 | ๅบ็ค | |
| 7 | ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญ | |
| 8 | ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไป | |
| 9 | ้ญไป้ก | |
| 10 | ๆๅพ | |
| 11 | ๅฎน็่ | |
| 12 | ๆๆ |
After authoring questions, run nu scripts/selftest-answers.nu 48 --write to auto-fill the Answers block.
Answers
- ใใใฒใ
- ใใใฉ
- ใใใใใใณ
- ใใใ
- ใใใ
- ใใ
- ใใคใใใใจใ
- ใใใใใใใ
- ใใใใใใ
- ใใใใใ
- ใใใใใ
- ใใใ
7. ๐ Clean Challenge Versions (No Furigana)
Same articles as Section 2, with all furigana removed. Use these to test real retrieval.
๐๏ธ Topic 1: ๆฐ่ฃฝๅใฎ่ช็ โ A New Product is Born (clean)
ๆฅๆใๅฝๅ ใฎๅคงๆใกใผใซใผใๆฐใใในใใผใใใฉใณใฎ่ช็ใ็บ่กจใใพใใ่ฃฝๅใฎๅๅใฏใMiraiใใงใๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝใฎๆฐ็ด ๆใไฝฟใฃใ่ปฝ้ใชๆฉ็จฎใงใใๆ้้ๅฎใงไบ็ดใๅงใพใใพใใใ
็บ่กจไผใซใฏ่ๅใช่ฉ่ซๅฎถใๆๅพ ใใใพใใใใ็ปๆ็ใช่ฃฝๅใงใใใจไธไบบใ่จใใจใๅฅใฎไบบใฏใๆฌๅฝใซๆฐใใใฎใใๅฐใ็ๅใๆฎใใพใใใจๅฟใใพใใใๅบๆฌๆฉ่ฝใฏๅพๆฅใจๅใใ ใใใงใใ็บๅฃฒๆฅใฏไบๆใใๅปถๆใซใชใใๆๆใพใง็ทๅผตใ็ถใใพใใใ
๐๏ธ Topic 2: ๆฐๅ ฅ็คพๅกใฎ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไปใจ็ ไฟฎ โ New-Hire Self-Introductions and Training (clean)
ๅๆใซใชใใๆฐๅ ฅ็คพๅกใฎ็ ไฟฎใๅงใพใใพใใใๆๅใฎไธ้ฑ้ใฏใๅ้จ็ฝฒใฎๅ ่ผฉใๆๅพ ใใใฆใ่ชๅทฑ็ดนไปใฎๅ ดใไฝๅบฆใ่จญใใใใพใใใใ็ญๆ็ใช็ฎๆจใใใ้ทๆ็ใช่ฆ็นใๅคงไบใงใใใจไบบไบ่ชฒใฎๆนใๅผท่ชฟใใพใใใ
็ ไฟฎใฎๅบๆฌใฏใไผ็คพใฎๅถๅบฆใ็่งฃใใใใจใจใๅๆใจใฎไบบ้้ขไฟใฎๅบ็คใไฝใใใจใงใใๆธ้กใซๅฟ ่ฆใชใใฎใฏใ็ด่ขใซๅ ฅใฃใใใใฅใขใซใจๆๅธณใงใใๅๆฅใซๆๆใใใใฆๆกๅ ใใใใฎใฏใใใใฆใ้ฃๅ ใไผ่ญฐๅฎคใงใใๆ้ใฏไธใๆใงใๆๆซใซ็ฐกๅใช่ฉฆ้จใใใใพใใ
๐๏ธ Topic 3: ๅค็ฝช็ๆใจๅธๆณๅถๅบฆ โ Wrongful-Conviction Suspicions and the Justice System (clean)
ๆ่ฟใใใๅฎน็่ ใ็ก็ฝชใ่จดใใไบไปถใๆณจ็ฎใใใฆใใพใใ่ญฆๅฏใฏๅๅใช่จผๆ ใใใใจ่จใใพใใใๅผ่ญทๅฃซใฏใ่จผๆ ใฎๅบๆฌใซ็ๅใใใใใจๅ่ซใใฆใใพใใ่ณช็ๅฟ็ญใฎๆ้ใซใฏใ่จ่ ใใกใฎๅณใใ่ณชๅใ็ถใใพใใใ
่ฃๅคใฎๅถๅบฆใงใฏใๅฎน็ใ็ซใคใ ใใงใฏๆ็ฝชใซใชใใพใใใๅบ็คใจใชใไบๅฎใไธใคใฒใจใค็ขบ่ชใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใพใใไปๅใฏๅ ฌๅคใไฝๅบฆใๅปถๆใใใๆใๅคงใใช็ๅฟตใฏใ่จผๆ ใๆไฝใใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใงใใไปๅ ฅใใ็ฌฌไธ่ ใฎๅฝนๅฒใ้่ฆใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ
๐ Notes
Chapter 48: one reading typo (้ญไป้ก). Three duplicate entries (่ฃฝไฝ, ๅบ็ค, ็ดนไป each listed twice in raw) are silently deduped during bootstrap.
๐ญ Raw file issues (corrected silently in this workbook):
- ้ญไป้ก reading typo: ใใใใใ โ ใใใใใใ (correct: ้ญ=ใใ + ไป้ก=ใใใใ)
References: Kanji in Context by Nishiguchi & Kono (Lesson 48, Kanji 685โ696) ยท Denisowski KIC Vocabulary List v1.0 (
http://denisowski.org/Japanese/KIC/kanji_in_context_048.txt)