KIC Lesson 21 Workbook
Table of Contents
- # 1. ๐ Readings and Meanings Table
- # 1B. ๐ Sound Components & Phonetic Series
- # 2. ๐ฐ Contextual Reading Practice
- # 3. ๐ Complete Vocabulary List
- # 4. ๐ก Study Aids & Learning Tips
- # 5. โ๏ธ Writing Practice Prompts
- # 6. ๐งช Quick Self-Test
- # 7. ๐ Clean Challenge Versions (No Furigana)
- # ๐ Notes
Focus: Work, agreement, and the things we tie together โ bundles and bamboo, speed and replacement, targets and promises, achievement and arrival. Range: Characters 374โ384 โ ๅ, ๅทฅ, ่ณ, ๆ, ๆ, ้, ๆฟ, ้, ็ซน, ็, ็ด Companion: Kanji Reference โ radicals, functional components, etymology, and stroke order
This workbook is designed for systematic study of Lesson 21. It includes:
- โ Readings and meanings reference table
- โ Sound components & phonetic series (full structural analysis in the Reference)
- โ Contextual reading practice articles (ร3, each in N3/N2 and Advanced versions)
- โ Complete vocabulary list
- โ Targeted study aids and tips
- โ Clean (no-furigana) versions for retrieval testing
- โ Quick self-test with answers
1. ๐ Readings and Meanings Table
| No. | Kanji | Meaning | On'yomi (้ณ่ชญใฟ) | Kun'yomi (่จ่ชญใฟ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 374 | ๅ | achievement, merits, success | ใณใฆ, ใฏ | ใใใ |
| 375 | ๅทฅ | craft, construction, katakana e radical (no. 48) | ใณใฆ, ใฏ, ใฐ | (ใชใ) |
| 376 | ่ณ | approve, praise, title or inscription on picture | ใตใณ | ใใ.ใใ, ใใ.ใใ |
| 377 | ๆ | turn into, become, get | ใปใค, ใธใงใฆ | ใช.ใ, ใช.ใ, -ใช.ใ |
| 378 | ๆ | bundle, sheaf, ream | ใฝใฏ | ใใฐ, ใใฐ.ใญใ, ใคใ, ใคใ.ใญใ |
| 379 | ้ | quick, fast | ใฝใฏ | ใฏใ.ใ, ใฏใ-, ใฏใ.ใใ, ใใฟ.ใใ |
| 380 | ๆฟ | exchange, spare, substitute | ใฟใค | ใ.ใใ, ใ.ใ-, ใ.ใใ |
| 381 | ้ | accomplished, reach, arrive | ใฟใ, ใ | -ใใก |
| 382 | ็ซน | bamboo | ใใฏ | ใใ |
| 383 | ็ | bull's eye, mark, target | ใใญ | ใพใจ |
| 384 | ็ด | promise, approximately, shrink | ใคใฏ | ใคใฅ.ใพใ, ใคใฅ.ใใ, ใคใฅใพ.ใใ |
1B. ๐ Sound Components & Phonetic Series
The high-leverage insight for predicting on'yomi during article reading: which kanji share a sound component, and what reading does that component carry?
For full structural analysis โ radicals, functional components (meaning / sound / form), per-kanji etymology, and stroke order โ see the Kanji Reference companion file.
Phonetic Series Summary
| Sound Component | Reading | In This Lesson | Other Common Kanji |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๅทฅ | ใณใฆ | ๅทฅ, ๅ | ๆป (attack), ็ด (crimson), ๆฑ (river) |
| ๆ | ใฝใฏ | ๆ, ้ | ๅ (imperial edict โ rare), ้ค (rare) |
| ๅบ | ใทใฃใฏ โ ใคใฏ | ็ด | ้ (pour), ้ฃ (fish) โ ็ด has the ใทใฃใฏโใคใฏ sound shift |
๐ก Lesson highlight: Two of this chapter's kanji are themselves phonetic roots that have been promoted to focus kanji, then EXTENDED into their paired focus kanji this same lesson โ ๅทฅ โ ๅ (work + power = achievement) and ๆ โ ้ (bundle + going = fast). Both pairs carry their on'yomi cleanly: ใณใฆ for ๅทฅ/ๅ, ใฝใฏ for ๆ/้. Recognising this "simple-kanji-as-phonetic-root" pattern is the chapter's headline insight โ it generalises to many other paired kanji you'll meet.
2. ๐ฐ Contextual Reading Practice
Each topic has two versions: ๐ข N3/N2 Level โ simpler structures, ใงใ/ใพใ register, core compounds. ๐ด Advanced Level โ natural Japanese, dense nominal phrases, formal/literary register. Furigana is applied only to non-chapter words that are genuinely difficult, first occurrence per article only. Lesson kanji (ๅ ๅทฅ ่ณ ๆ ๆ ้ ๆฟ ้ ็ซน ็ ็ด) appear unglossed throughout โ read them actively.
๐๏ธ Topic 1: ้ซ้้่ทฏใฎๅทฅไบ โ Highway Construction Work
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ไปๆใใใๅธๅ ใฎ้ซ้้่ทฏใงๆฐใใๅทฅไบใๅงใพใใพใใใๅทฅๅ ดใงไฝใใใ้จๅใๆฌกใ ใจ้ใณ่พผใพใใๅคงๅทฅใใใๅฐ้ใฎไฝๆฅญๅกใๆฉ้็พๅ ดใงไฝๆฅญใๅงใใพใใใ
ๅทฅไบใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ่ปใฎ้ๅบฆใไธใใใใจใ ใใงใฏใใใพใใใๅคใ้่ทฏใๅใๆฟใใฆใๅฎๅ จใ้ซใใใใจใๅคงไบใช็ฎๆจใงใใใๅทฅไบใๆฉใๆๅใใใใใซใ็ใใใฎๅๅใ่ณๆใใฆใใ ใใใใจๅธ้ทใๅผใณใใใพใใใ็ดไธใๆใงไธใค็ฎใฎๅบ้ใๅฎๆใใไบๅฎใงใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ้ซ้้่ทฏ, ๅทฅไบ, ๅทฅๅ ด, ๅคงๅทฅ, ๆฉ้, ้ๅบฆ, ๅใๆฟใใ, ๆๅ, ่ณๆ, ็ด, ็ฎ็
๐ด Advanced Version
ไปๆใใใๅธๅ ใฎ้ซ้้่ทฏใซใใใฆๆฐ่ฆๅทฅไบใ็ๅทฅใใใใๅทฅๅ ดใง่ฃฝ้ ใใใ่ณๆใ้ๆ็พๅ ดใซๆฌๅ ฅใใใๅคงๅทฅใๅฐ้ๆ่กใๆใใไฝๆฅญๅกใๆฉ้ไฝๆฅญใซ็ๆใใใ
ๆฌไปถๅทฅไบใฎ็ฎ็ใฏๅใซ่ปไธก้ๅบฆใฎๅไธใซ็ใพใใใ่ๆฝๅใใ่ทฏ้ขใๅ จ้ข็ใซๅใๆฟใใใใจใง้ทๆ็ใชๅฎๅ จๆงใ้ฃ่บ็ใซ้ซใใใใจใซไธป็ผใ็ฝฎใใใฆใใใใๅทฅไบใฎๆๅใซใฏๆฒฟ็ทไฝๆฐใฎใ่ณๆใจใๅๅใไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใใใจๅธ้ทใฏ่จ่ ไผ่ฆใงๅผทใ่จดใใใ็ดไธใๆใง็ฌฌไธๆๅบ้ใๅฎๆใใ่ฆ้ใใงใ้ๆๅพใฏๅจ่พบไบค้ใฎๆตใใๆๆฌ็ใซๆนๅใใใๆจกๆงใงใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ้ซ้้่ทฏ, ๅทฅไบ, ๅทฅๅ ด, ๅคงๅทฅ, ๆฉ้, ้ๅบฆ, ๅใๆฟใใ, ๆๅ, ่ณๆ, ็ด, ้ๆ
๐๏ธ Topic 2: ๅ้ใจใฎ็ดๆใจ็ฎ็ โ A Promise to a Friend, and Its Aim
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ๅปๅนดใ็งใฏๅ้ใจไธใคใฎ็ดๆใใใพใใใใใไบใใซ่ฑ่ชใฎๅๅผทใ้ ๅผตใใไปๅนดใพใงใซ่ฉฆ้จใซๆๅใใใใใจใใๅ ฌ็ดใซ่ฟใใๅผทใ็ดๆใงใใ็ฎ็ใฏๆตทๅค็ๅญฆใงใใใ
ๆๅใฏ้ๅบฆใ้ ใใ็ตๆใๅบใชใๆๆใใใใพใใใใใใใไบไบบใง็ตๆใใฆๆฏ้ฑไผใใไบใใฎ้ฒๆญฉใ็ขบ่ชใใใใจใงใๅฐใใใคไธ้ใใพใใใๅ ็ดใใใใฐๆ้ใๅใๆฟใใฆใงใๅฟ ใไผใใใจใใๅงฟๅขใๅคงไบใงใใใๆ็ต็ใซไบไบบใจใ็ฎ็ใ้ๆใใไปใฏไบใใฎๅชๅใซ่ณๆใฎๆๆใ้ใๅใฃใฆใใพใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ็ดๆ, ๅ ฌ็ด, ็ฎ็, ้ๅบฆ, ็ตๆ, ไธ้, ๅ ็ด, ๅใๆฟใใ, ้ๆ, ่ณๆ, ๆๅ
๐ด Advanced Version
ๅปๅนดใ็งใฏ่ฆชใใๅ้ใจใฎ้ใซไธใคใฎ็ดๆใๅใไบคใใใใใไบใใซ่ฑ่ชๅญฆ็ฟใ็ฒพ้ฒใใๅนดๅ ใซ่ณๆ ผ่ฉฆ้จใซๆๅใใใใใจใใใใใใฐ็ง็ใชๅ ฌ็ดใซ็ธๅฝใใๆๆๅใใ่ชใใงใใฃใใๆ็ต็ฎ็ใฏๆตทๅคๅ้ๆ กใธใฎ็ๅญฆใซใใฃใใ
ๅฝๅใฏ้ฒๆ้ๅบฆใ็ทฉๆ ขใงใ็ฎใซ่ฆใใ็ตๆใ็พใใชใๆๆใๅฐใชใใใใใฃใใใใใงใไบใใซ็ตๆใใ้ฑๆฌกใงใฎ้ฒๅบฆ็ขบ่ชใๆฌ ใใใชใใฃใใใจใงใ็ๅฎใชไธ้ใ่ฆใใใใๅ ็ดใๆขใซๅ ฅใฃใฆใใๅ ดๅใงใใไปใฎไบๅฎใจๅใๆฟใใฆใงใๅฟ ใ่ฝใกๅใใจใใๅงฟๅขใ่ฒซใใ็นใๅใๅฅใใใ็ตๆใจใใฆไบไบบใจใ็ฎ็ใ่ฆไบ้ๆใใ็พๅจใฏไบใใฎๅชๅใซๆใใฟใชใ่ณๆใฎๆๆใ้ใๅใ้ขไฟใซใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ็ดๆ, ๅ ฌ็ด, ็ฎ็, ้ๅบฆ, ็ตๆ, ไธ้, ๅ ็ด, ๅใๆฟใใ, ้ๆ, ่ณๆ, ๆๅ, ๅ
๐๏ธ Topic 3: ็ซน็ดฐๅทฅใฎๅทฅๆฟใจ่ทไบบ โ A Bamboo-Craft Workshop and Its Artisans
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ไบฌ้ฝใฎๅฑฑ้้จใซใใๅฐใใชๅทฅๅ ดใงใๅคใใใ็ซน็ดฐๅทฅใไฝใใใฆใใพใใๅทฅๆฟใฎไธปใฏๅคงๅทฅใจใใฆใ็ฅใใใ่ทไบบใงใไธใคใฎไฝๅใซไฝๆ้ใใใใพใใ
ๆๆใฎ็ซนใฏๆใงๅฑใใใใพใใ่ทไบบใฏไธใคใฒใจใคใฎ็ซนใไธๅฏงใซ้ธใณใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅคใ้ๅ ทใๆฐใใ็ฉใซๅใๆฟใใชใใไฝๆฅญใใพใใใ้ใใใใใ็ฎ็ใซใดใฃใใๅใๅฝขใไฝใใใจใๅคงๅใงใใใจ่ชใๅงฟใซใฏใ้ทๅนดใฎ็ต้จใ็พใใฆใใพใใ่ฑๆใ็ฝฎใใใใฎ็ซนใฎๅจใใ็ๆฟใใฎๆใซไฝฟใๆฃใชใฉใๅฎ็จ็ใชๅใๅคใไธฆใใงใใพใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๅทฅๅ ด, ็ซน, ็ดฐๅทฅ, ๅคงๅทฅ, ๆ, ๅใๆฟใใ, ้, ็ฎ็, ่ฑๆ, ็ๆฟใ
๐ด Advanced Version
ไบฌ้ฝใฎๅฑฑ้้จใซไฝใๅฐ่ฆๆจกใชๅทฅๅ ดใงใฏใๅคๆฅใใ็ซน็ดฐๅทฅใฎ่ฃฝไฝใ็ถๆฟใใใฆใใใๅทฅๆฟใฎไธปๅฎฐ่ ใฏๅคงๅทฅๆฃๆขใจใใฆใๅใ้ฆณใใ็็ทด่ทไบบใงใไธไปถใฎไฝๅใซๆฐๆฅใ่ฒปใใใใจใๅญใใชใใ
ๆๆใฎ็ซนใฏๆใงไพ็ตฆใใใ่ทไบบใฏไธๆฌใใค็ฏใๅนด่ผชใ็ฒพๆปใใไธใง้ธๅฅใใ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๆฉ่ใใ้ๅ ทใๆฐ่ชฟๅใจๅใๆฟใใคใคไฝๆฅญใซ่จใใใ้ใใซๆๆณฅใใใใใใ็ฎ็ใซๅฏธๅใฎ็ใใชใๅ่ดใใๅฝข็ถใ็ทดใไธใใใใจใ่่ฆใใจ่ชใๅงฟใซใฏใ็ฉใฟ้ใญใๅนดๆใฎๅใฟใๆปฒใใ่ฑๆใๆดปใใใใใฎ็ซน่ฃฝ่ฑๅจใใ็ๆฟใ็จใฎ่กฃ่ฃ ๆฃใชใฉใๅฎ็จใจ็พๆ่ญใ่ๅใใๅใ ใๆด็ถใจ้ณๅใใใฆใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๅทฅๅ ด, ็ซน, ็ดฐๅทฅ, ๅคงๅทฅ, ๆ, ๅใๆฟใใ, ้, ็ฎ็, ่ฑๆ, ็ๆฟใ, ่ฃฝ
3. ๐ Complete Vocabulary List
Source: Kanji in Context by Nishiguchi & Kono โ Denisowski KIC List (v1.0). Raw file corrections silently applied; see ๐ Notes.
374 โ ๅ (achievement)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๆๅ | ใใใใ | succeed |
| ๅๅด่ | ใใใใใใ | a person who has performed distinguished services |
| ๅๅพณ | ใใฉใ | charitable act |
375 โ ๅทฅ (craft)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅทฅๅ ด | ใใใใใ | factory |
| ๅทฅๅ ด | ใใใฐ | small factory |
| ๅทฅไบ | ใใใ | construction; construct |
| ไบบๅทฅใฎ | ใใใใใฎ | manmade, artificial |
| ้ปๅญๅทฅๅญฆ | ใงใใใใใใ | electronic engineering |
| ๅคงๅทฅ | ใ ใใ | carpenter |
| ็ดฐๅทฅ | ใใใ | craftsmanship; manipulate (a situation) |
376 โ ่ณ (approve)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ่ณๆ | ใใใใ | agree |
| ่ณ็พๆญ | ใใใณใ | hymn, psalm |
| ่ณ่ณ | ใใใใใ | praise, admire |
377 โ ๆ (turn into)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๆ้ท | ใใใกใใ | grow, mature |
| ๆ็ซ | ใใใใค | be established, founded |
| ๆไบบ | ใใใใ | adult; become an adult |
| ๆๅ | ใใใถใ | ingredient, component |
| ๆใ็ซใค | ใชใใใค | be composed of |
| ๆใ้ใใ | ใชใใจใใ | accomplish |
| ๆๅฐฑ | ใใใใใ | accomplish, attain |
378 โ ๆ (bundle)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ดๆ | ใใใใ | promise |
| ็ตๆ | ใใฃใใ | unite, stand together |
| ๆ | ใใฐ | bundle |
| ่ฑๆ | ใฏใชใใฐ | bouquet |
| ๆใญใ | ใใฐใญใ | tie in a bundle |
379 โ ้ (quick)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ้ใ | ใฏใใ | fast, quick, swift |
| ้ๅบฆ | ใใใฉ | speed, velocity |
| ้ๅ | ใใใใใ | speed, velocity |
| ๆ้ | ใใใ | speed per hour |
| ๅ ้ | ใใใ | accelerate |
| ้ซ้้่ทฏ | ใใใใใฉใใ | expressway, freeway |
| ๆฉ้ | ใใฃใใ | right away |
| ้ใใใซ | ใใฟใใใซ | immediately, promptly |
| ้้ | ใใใใค | express mail, special delivery |
380 โ ๆฟ (exchange)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ไธกๆฟ | ใใใใใ | exchanging or changing money; exchange or change money |
| ๆฟใใ | ใใใ | replace |
| ็ๆฟใ | ใใใ | a change of clothes |
| ็ๆฟใใ | ใใใใ | change one's clothes |
| ๅใๆฟใใ | ใจใใใใ | change (parts, etc.) |
| ไปฃๆฟใจใใซใฎใผ | ใ ใใใใจใใซใฎใผ | alternative energy source |
381 โ ้ (accomplished)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ไธ้ | ใใใใใค | improve |
| ็บ้ | ใฏใฃใใค | develop |
| ้ๆ | ใใฃใใ | achieve |
| ๅ้ | ใจใใ ใก | friend |
| ็ต่ซใซ้ใใ | ใใคใใใซใใฃใใ | reach a conclusion |
382 โ ็ซน (bamboo)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ซน | ใใ | bamboo |
| ็ซนๆ | ใใใฐใใ | bamboo grove |
383 โ ็ (bull's eye)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ฎ็ | ใใใฆใ | purpose, aim |
| ๆ่ก็ใช | ใใใ ใคใฆใใช | technological |
| ไบบๅทฅ็ใช | ใใใใใฆใใช | artificial |
| ๆฐไธป็ใช | ใฟใใใ ใฆใใช | democratic |
| ็ๆณ็ใช | ใใใใฆใใช | ideal |
| ๏ฝ็ใช | ๏ฝใฆใใช | -tic, -al, etc. |
| ็ | ใพใจ | target |
384 โ ็ด (promise)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅ ฌ็ด | ใใใใ | public pledge, (campaign) promise; pledge publically |
| ๅ ็ด | ใใใใ | previous engagement |
| ็ด๏ฝ | ใใ๏ฝ | about, approximately |
4. ๐ก Study Aids & Learning Tips
A. Semantic Grouping
| Group | Kanji | Key Compounds |
|---|---|---|
| Work and achievement | ๅ, ๅทฅ | ๆๅ, ๅๅด่ , ๅทฅไบ, ๅทฅๅ ด, ๅคงๅทฅ, ็ดฐๅทฅ, ไบบๅทฅ |
| Agreement and becoming | ่ณ, ๆ | ่ณๆ, ่ณ็พๆญ, ่ณ่ณ, ๆๅ, ๆ้ท, ๆ็ซ, ๆไบบ, ๆใ็ซใค |
| Bundle and speed | ๆ, ้ | ๆ, ็ตๆ, ่ฑๆ, ็ดๆ, ้ๅบฆ, ้ซ้้่ทฏ, ๆฉ้, ๅ ้ |
| Replace and arrive | ๆฟ, ้ | ไธกๆฟ, ็ๆฟใ, ๅใๆฟใใ, ้ๆ, ไธ้, ็บ้, ๅ้ |
| Bamboo and target | ็ซน, ็ | ็ซน, ็ซนๆ, ็ฎ็, ็, ๆ่ก็ใช, ๆฐไธป็ใช |
| Promise / approximate | ็ด | ็ดๆ, ๅ ฌ็ด, ๅ ็ด, ็ด๏ฝ |
B. On'yomi Pairs & Disambiguation
| Reading | Kanji | Domain | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใณใฆ | ๅทฅ | craft, construction | ๅทฅไบ |
| ใณใฆ | ๅ | achievement | ๆๅ |
| ใฝใฏ | ๆ | bundle | ็ดๆ |
| ใฝใฏ | ้ | fast | ้ๅบฆ |
| ใตใณ | ่ณ | approve | ่ณๆ |
| ใปใค | ๆ | become | ๆไบบ |
| ใธใงใฆ | ๆ (rare) | accomplish | ๆๅฐฑ |
| ใฟใค | ๆฟ | replace | ไธกๆฟ (kun-bound mostly; on ใฟใค is rare in joyo) |
| ใฟใ | ้ | reach | ้ๆ |
| ใ | ้ (rare) | reach | ๅ้ (irregular reading; not really ใ) |
| ใใฏ | ็ซน | bamboo | ็ซนๆ |
| ใใญ | ็ | target / -tic | ็ฎ็, ๆฐไธป็ |
| ใคใฏ | ็ด | promise / approx. | ็ดๆ |
| ใฏ | ๅ (rare) | charitable act | ๅๅพณ |
Tip โ ๅทฅ vs ๅ: ๅทฅ = the simple work/craft kanji; ๅ = ๅทฅ + ๅ (work + power โ achievement). ๅทฅ IS the phonetic root of ๅ. ๅทฅไบ (construction) vs ๆๅ (success).
Tip โ ๆ vs ้: ๆ = bundle (a tree ๆจ with something tied around it); ้ = ๆ + ่พถ (bundle + going โ fast, "carrying a bundle to its destination quickly"). Same ใฝใฏ sound from the ๆ phonetic root.
Reading shift on ้: ใฟใ in most compounds (้ๆ, ไธ้, ็บ้). The exception ๅ้ (ใจใใ ใก) is a fixed reading โ neither ใฟใ nor ใ on its own; the -ใใก kun extension. Just memorise ๅ้ = ใจใใ ใก as one unit.
Reading shift on ๆ: ใปใค in most compounds (ๆไบบ ใใใใ). ใธใงใฆ only in ๆๅฐฑ (ใใใใใ โ "accomplishment" in religious/formal sense).
C. Kun'yomi Verbs
| Verb | Reading | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๆใ | ใชใ | become | ๅคงไบบใซๆใ |
| ๆใ็ซใค | ใชใใใค | be composed of | ๅฅ็ดใๆใ็ซใค |
| ๆใ้ใใ | ใชใใจใใ | accomplish | ๅคงไบๆฅญใๆใ้ใใ |
| ๆใญใ | ใใฐใญใ | tie in a bundle | ๆฐ่ใๆใญใ |
| ้ใ | ใฏใใ | fast (i-adj) | ้ใ่ป |
| ้ใใใซ | ใใฟใใใซ | promptly (adverb) | ้ใใใซๅฏพๅฟใใ |
| ๆฟใใ | ใใใ | replace, swap (trans) | ้จๅใๆฟใใ |
| ๆฟใใ | ใใใ | be replaced (intrans) | ๆ ๅฝใๆฟใใ |
| ้ใใ | ใใฃใใ | reach (a goal/conclusion) | ็ฎๆจใซ้ใใ |
D. The ๆฟ/ๆ/ไปฃ/ๅค Quartet โ Four ways to "change"
This is the chapter's heaviest pedagogical lift. Japanese has FOUR common kanji written ใใใ/ใใใ, all meaning some form of "change" โ and only ๆฟ belongs to this lesson:
| Verb | Kanji | When to use |
|---|---|---|
| ๆฟใใ | ๆฟ (this lesson) | replace one thing with a near-equivalent (ไธกๆฟ = exchange money; ็ๆฟใ = change clothes; ๅใๆฟใใ = swap parts) |
| ๆใใ | ๆ | exchange between fundamentally different things (ไนใๆใใ = transfer trains; ่จใๆใใ = rephrase) |
| ไปฃใใ | ไปฃ | substitute (ไบบใไปฃใใ = replace a person; less common in casual speech) |
| ๅคใใ | ๅค | change qualitatively / transform (่ฒใๅคใใ = change colour; ๅๅใๅคใใ = change one's name) |
Mnemonic: ๆฟ = swap LIKE-FOR-LIKE. ๆ = swap UNLIKE-FOR-UNLIKE. ไปฃ = stand IN FOR. ๅค = TRANSFORM.
E. Watch Out! โ ๏ธ
| Item | Trap | Correct |
|---|---|---|
| ๅทฅ vs ๅ | Both ใณใฆ; visually similar | ๅทฅ = simple craft kanji (3 strokes); ๅ = ๅทฅ + ๅ = achievement (5 strokes). |
| ๆ vs ้ | Both ใฝใฏ | ๆ = the simple bundle (7 strokes); ้ = ๆ + ่พถ = fast (10 strokes). |
| ๅ้ (ใจใใ ใก) | Reading as ใใใใค | ใจใใ ใก. Highly irregular โ memorise as one unit. |
| ๆฉ้ (ใใฃใใ) | Reading as ใฏใใใ | ใใฃใใ. The ๆฉ is read ใใฃ (sokuon-form before ใใ). |
| ๆ้ (ใใใ) | Reading as ใใใใ | ใใใ. The Denisowski raw has the wrong reading (ใใใใ) โ corrected here. |
| ็ต่ซใซ้ใใ | Verb-ending typo in raw | The raw lists ใใฃใใ; correct is ใใฃใใ. |
| ็ (ใพใจ) | Reading as ใใจ | ใพใจ. The kun for ็ = "target" is ใพใจ. The Denisowski raw has the wrong reading. |
| ไปฃๆฟใจใใซใฎใผ | Long vowel missing in raw | ใ ใใใใจใใซใฎใผ (with long ใผ at the end). |
| ่ณ็พๆญ (ใใใณใ) | Confusing the ่ณ reading | ใตใณ as expected โ ่ณ็พ = praise; ๆญ = song โ hymn. |
5. โ๏ธ Writing Practice Prompts
- ็ดๆ + ้ๆ + ๆๅ: Write a short reflection on a promise you kept and what made achieving it possible.
- ๅทฅไบ + ้ซ้้่ทฏ + ๆฉ้: A traffic news bulletin announcing roadworks that started right away.
- ่ณๆ + ๅใๆฟใใ + ็ตๆ: A team-meeting recap where everyone agrees on swapping out an old plan, and that consensus brings them together.
- ็ซน + ็ดฐๅทฅ + ๅคงๅทฅ: Describe a master craftsman's workshop where bamboo is the primary material.
6. ๐งช Quick Self-Test
Fill in the reading for each word, then check your answers.
| # | Word | Your Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ๆๅ | |
| 2 | ๅทฅไบ | |
| 3 | ่ณๆ | |
| 4 | ็ดๆ | |
| 5 | ้ซ้้่ทฏ | |
| 6 | ๅใๆฟใใ | |
| 7 | ้ๆ | |
| 8 | ็ซนๆ | |
| 9 | ็ฎ็ | |
| 10 | ๅ้ | |
| 11 | ๆฉ้ | |
| 12 | ๆ้ |
After authoring questions, run nu scripts/selftest-answers.nu 21 --write to auto-fill the Answers block.
Answers
- ใใใใ
- ใใใ
- ใใใใ
- ใใใใ
- ใใใใใฉใใ
- ใจใใใใ
- ใใฃใใ
- ใใใฐใใ
- ใใใฆใ
- ใจใใ ใก
- ใใฃใใ
- ใใใ
7. ๐ Clean Challenge Versions (No Furigana)
Same articles as Section 2, with all furigana removed. Use these to test real retrieval.
๐๏ธ Topic 1: ้ซ้้่ทฏใฎๅทฅไบ โ Highway Construction Work (clean)
ไปๆใใใๅธๅ ใฎ้ซ้้่ทฏใงๆฐใใๅทฅไบใๅงใพใใพใใใๅทฅๅ ดใงไฝใใใ้จๅใๆฌกใ ใจ้ใณ่พผใพใใๅคงๅทฅใใใๅฐ้ใฎไฝๆฅญๅกใๆฉ้็พๅ ดใงไฝๆฅญใๅงใใพใใใ
ๅทฅไบใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ่ปใฎ้ๅบฆใไธใใใใจใ ใใงใฏใใใพใใใๅคใ้่ทฏใๅใๆฟใใฆใๅฎๅ จใ้ซใใใใจใๅคงไบใช็ฎๆจใงใใใๅทฅไบใๆฉใๆๅใใใใใซใ็ใใใฎๅๅใ่ณๆใใฆใใ ใใใใจๅธ้ทใๅผใณใใใพใใใ็ดไธใๆใงไธใค็ฎใฎๅบ้ใๅฎๆใใไบๅฎใงใใ
๐๏ธ Topic 2: ๅ้ใจใฎ็ดๆใจ็ฎ็ โ A Promise to a Friend, and Its Aim (clean)
ๅปๅนดใ็งใฏๅ้ใจไธใคใฎ็ดๆใใใพใใใใใไบใใซ่ฑ่ชใฎๅๅผทใ้ ๅผตใใไปๅนดใพใงใซ่ฉฆ้จใซๆๅใใใใใจใใๅ ฌ็ดใซ่ฟใใๅผทใ็ดๆใงใใ็ฎ็ใฏๆตทๅค็ๅญฆใงใใใ
ๆๅใฏ้ๅบฆใ้ ใใ็ตๆใๅบใชใๆๆใใใใพใใใใใใใไบไบบใง็ตๆใใฆๆฏ้ฑไผใใไบใใฎ้ฒๆญฉใ็ขบ่ชใใใใจใงใๅฐใใใคไธ้ใใพใใใๅ ็ดใใใใฐๆ้ใๅใๆฟใใฆใงใๅฟ ใไผใใใจใใๅงฟๅขใๅคงไบใงใใใๆ็ต็ใซไบไบบใจใ็ฎ็ใ้ๆใใไปใฏไบใใฎๅชๅใซ่ณๆใฎๆๆใ้ใๅใฃใฆใใพใใ
๐๏ธ Topic 3: ็ซน็ดฐๅทฅใฎๅทฅๆฟใจ่ทไบบ โ A Bamboo-Craft Workshop and Its Artisans (clean)
ไบฌ้ฝใฎๅฑฑ้้จใซใใๅฐใใชๅทฅๅ ดใงใๅคใใใ็ซน็ดฐๅทฅใไฝใใใฆใใพใใๅทฅๆฟใฎไธปใฏๅคงๅทฅใจใใฆใ็ฅใใใ่ทไบบใงใไธใคใฎไฝๅใซไฝๆ้ใใใใพใใ
ๆๆใฎ็ซนใฏๆใงๅฑใใใใพใใ่ทไบบใฏไธใคใฒใจใคใฎ็ซนใไธๅฏงใซ้ธใณใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅคใ้ๅ ทใๆฐใใ็ฉใซๅใๆฟใใชใใไฝๆฅญใใพใใใ้ใใใใใ็ฎ็ใซใดใฃใใๅใๅฝขใไฝใใใจใๅคงๅใงใใใจ่ชใๅงฟใซใฏใ้ทๅนดใฎ็ต้จใ็พใใฆใใพใใ่ฑๆใ็ฝฎใใใใฎ็ซนใฎๅจใใ็ๆฟใใฎๆใซไฝฟใๆฃใชใฉใๅฎ็จ็ใชๅใๅคใไธฆใใงใใพใใ
๐ Notes
Chapter 21 has four reading typos in the Denisowski raw.
๐ญ Raw file issues (corrected silently in this workbook):
- ไปฃๆฟใจใใซใฎใผ: missing trailing long-vowel mark in reading (ใ ใใใใจใใซใฎ โ ใ ใใใใจใใซใฎใผ)
- ๆ้ reading typo: ใใใใ โ ใใใ (extra ใ)
- ็ต่ซใซ้ใใ reading typo: ใใฃใใ โ ใใฃใใ (verb-ending)
- ็ kun reading typo: ใใจ โ ใพใจ (the kun for ็ meaning 'target' is ใพใจ, not ใใจ)
- ๏ฝ็ใช: malformed brackets in raw (empty [] with trailing ๏ฝใฆใใช); reading is ๏ฝใฆใใช
References: Kanji in Context by Nishiguchi & Kono (Lesson 21, Kanji 374โ384) ยท Denisowski KIC Vocabulary List v1.0 (
http://denisowski.org/Japanese/KIC/kanji_in_context_021.txt)