KIC Lesson 23 Workbook
Table of Contents
- # 1. ๐ Readings and Meanings Table
- # 1B. ๐ Sound Components & Phonetic Series
- # 2. ๐ฐ Contextual Reading Practice
- # 3. ๐ Complete Vocabulary List
- # 4. ๐ก Study Aids & Learning Tips
- # 5. โ๏ธ Writing Practice Prompts
- # 6. ๐งช Quick Self-Test
- # ๐ Notes
Focus: The everyday workhorse set โ counting people (ๅก), scoring points (็น), hitting the mark (ๅฝ), and telling the special (็น) from the separate (ๅฅ), rounded out by nature and open fields (็ถ, ้), loss (ๆ), absence (็ก), and foresight (ไบ): ten of the most compound-productive kanji in the book. Range: Characters 395โ404 โ ๅก, ็ถ, ๆ, ็น, ๅฝ, ็น, ๅฅ, ็ก, ้, ไบ Companion: Kanji Reference โ radicals, functional components, etymology, and stroke order
This workbook is designed for systematic study of Lesson 23. It includes:
- โ Readings and meanings reference table
- โ Sound components & phonetic series (full structural analysis in the Reference)
- โ Contextual reading practice articles (ร3, each in N3/N2 and Advanced versions, with furigana toggle)
- โ Complete vocabulary list
- โ Targeted study aids and tips
- โ Quick self-test with answers
1. ๐ Readings and Meanings Table
| No. | Kanji | Meaning | On'yomi (้ณ่ชญใฟ) | Kun'yomi (่จ่ชญใฟ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 395 | ๅก | employee, member, number | ใคใณ | (ใชใ) |
| 396 | ็ถ | sort of thing, so, if so | ใผใณ, ใใณ | ใใ, ใใ.ใ, ใใ.ใ, ใ |
| 397 | ๆ | damage, loss, disadvantage | ใฝใณ | ใใ.ใชใ, ใใใช.ใ, -ใใ.ใชใ, ใใ.ใญใ, -ใใ.ใญใ |
| 398 | ็น | spot, point, mark | ใใณ | ใค.ใใ, ใค.ใ, ใ.ใฆใ, ใ.ใ, ใจใผ.ใ, ใจใ.ใ, ใผใก |
| 399 | ๅฝ | hit, right, appropriate | ใใฆ | ใ.ใใ, ใ.ใใ, ใ.ใฆใ, ใ.ใฆ, ใพใ.ใซ, ใพใ.ใซในใ |
| 400 | ็น | special | ใใฏ | (ใชใ) |
| 401 | ๅฅ | separate, branch off, diverge | ใใ | ใใ.ใใ, ใ.ใใ |
| 402 | ็ก | nothingness, none, ain't | ใ , ใ | ใช.ใ |
| 403 | ้ | plains, field, rustic | ใค, ใทใง | ใฎ, ใฎ- |
| 404 | ไบ | beforehand, previous, myself | ใจ, ใทใฃ | ใใใใ.ใ |
1B. ๐ Sound Components & Phonetic Series
The high-leverage insight for predicting on'yomi during article reading: which kanji share a sound component, and what reading does that component carry?
For full structural analysis โ radicals, functional components (meaning / sound / form), per-kanji etymology, and stroke order โ see the Kanji Reference companion file.
Phonetic Series Summary
| Sound Component | Reading | In This Lesson | Other Common Kanji |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๅก (member/round) | ใคใณโใฝใณ | ๅก, ๆ* | ๅก (ใคใณ) is itself the sound component of ๆ (ใฝใณ, drifted) โ an in-lesson pair. Also ้ป (ใคใณ "rhyme"). |
| ไบ (beforehand) | ใจโใค | ไบ, ้* | ไบ (ใจ) is the sound in ้ (ใค, drifted) โ the lesson's second in-lesson pair. Also ้ (ใจ "deposit" โ L38), ๅบ (ใธใง "order"). |
| ๅ (divine/occupy) | ใปใณโใใณ | ็น* | ๅ (ใปใณ) shifts to ใใณ in both ็น and ๅบ (shop โ L3). Same series, identical reading โ ็น/ๅบ rhyme for a reason. |
| ็ถ (so, thus) | ใใณ | ็ถ | ็ถ is itself the sound (and origin) of ็ (ใใณ "burn" โ L64): ็ is literally ็ถ with ็ซ re-added. |
| ๅฏบ (temple) | ใธโใใฏ* | ็น* | The ๅฏบ series drifts wildly: ๆ (ใธ), ๆ (ใธ โ L6), ๅพ (ใฟใค โ L8), ็ญ (ใใฆ), ็น (ใใฏ). Recognize the component; don't trust the reading. |
๐ก Lesson highlight: This lesson contains two complete phonetic pairs inside the lesson itself โ ๅกโๆ (ใคใณโใฝใณ) and ไบโ้ (ใจโใค) โ a rarity worth exploiting: learn each pair together, since mastering ๅก and ไบ gives you most of ๆ and ้ for free. The โฝ/็ฌ radical appears three times (็ถ, ็น, ็ก) but is genuinely "fire" only in ็ถ and ็น; in ็ก the four dots are a corrupted dancer's tassels โ see Section 4D. Compound pairing within the lesson is dense: ๅฝ็ถ (ๅฝ+็ถ) and ็นๅฅใช (็น+ๅฅ) each fuse two focus kanji into one high-frequency word.
2. ๐ฐ Contextual Reading Practice
Each topic has two versions: ๐ข N3/N2 Level โ simpler structures, ใงใ/ใพใ register, core compounds. ๐ด Advanced Level โ natural Japanese, dense nominal phrases, formal/literary register. Furigana is applied only to non-chapter words that are genuinely difficult, first occurrence per article only. Lesson kanji (ๅก ็ถ ๆ ็น ๅฝ ็น ๅฅ ็ก ้ ไบ) appear unglossed throughout โ read them actively.
๐๏ธ Topic 1: ไผ็คพใฎไบบๅกๅๆธ โ Corporate Downsizing
๐ข N3/N2 Version
็งใฎๅ ใฏๅคงใใชไผ็คพใฎไผ็คพๅกใงใใๅปๅนดใไผ็คพใฏๅคงใใชๆๅคฑใๅบใใไบบๅกๅๆธใ็บ่กจใใพใใใ็คพๅกใฏๅ จๅกใ่ชฌๆไผใซ้ใพใใพใใใใๅฝๆใฏ่ชฐใใ่พใใไบบใฎๆฐใฎ่ฆๅฝใใคใใพใใใงใใใ
็ตๅฑใๅ ใฏๅฅใฎๅ้ใฎไปไบใซ็งปใใพใใใไผ็คพใฏ่พใใ็คพๅกใซ็นๅฅใชๆๅฝใๆใใพใใใๅ ใฏใๆใใใใจใฏๆใใชใใๅฝ็ถใฎๅคๅใ ใใจ่จใฃใฆใใพใใ็ก็ใช่จ็ปใ็ถใใใใใๆฉใใซๅคใใใปใใใใใฎใใใใใพใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ไผ็คพๅก, ็คพๅก, ๅ จๅก, ไบบๅกๅๆธ, ๆๅคฑ, ๆ, ๅฝๆ, ๅฝ็ถ, ่ฆๅฝ, ๆๅฝ, ็นๅฅใช, ๅฅใฎ, ๅ้, ็ก็ใช
๐ด Advanced Version
ๆจๅนดๆฅใฎไธๆณใซใใใ่ฃฝ้ ๆฅญใใ้่ใพใงๅน ๅบใๅ้ใงไบบๅกๅๆธใ็ธๆฌกใใงใใใใใๅคงๆ้่กใงใฏใ้่กๅกใฎ็ดไธๅฒใ้่ทๅงๅฅจใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใจใชใใๅทฅๅ ดใงใๅทฅๅกใฎๅฎๅกใๅคงๅน ใซ่ฆ็ดใใใใไผ็คพๅดใฎไบๆณใไธๅใๅฟๅใใใฃใไธๆนใไธไบบๅฝใใใฎ้่ทๆๅฝใฏๅฝๅใฎ่ฆๅฝใไธๅใใๅดไฝฟใฎไธปๅผตใฏๆฟใใๅฏพ็ซใใใ
ๅฐ้ๅฎถใฏใไป็คพใฎๆๅไพใใใฎใพใพ่ช็คพใซๅฝใฆใฏใใใฎใฏๅฑ้บใงใใใๆฅๆฟใชไบบๅกๅๆธใฏใๆฎใฃใ็คพๅกใฎๆๆฌฒใๆใชใใ้ทๆ็ใซใฏๅทจ้กใฎๆๅคฑใๆใใใญใชใใใจๆๆใใใๅฝ็ถใฎใใจใชใใใ้็จใฏไผๆฅญใฎๅฉ็ใจ็คพๅกใฎ็ๆดปใฎๆฅ็นใซใใๅ้กใงใใใ็ก็ใ้ใญใใฐไฟก้ ผใจใใ็กๅฝขใฎ่ฒก็ฃใๅคฑใใๅฅใฎ้ใๆจก็ดขใใไผๆฅญใ็พใใฆใใใ้็จใฎๅจใๆนใฏไปใๅคงใใช่ปขๆ็นใ่ฟใใฆใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ้่กๅก, ๅทฅๅก, ็คพๅก, ๅฎๅก, ไบบๅกๅๆธ, ไบๆณ, ไธไบบๅฝใใ, ๆๅฝ, ่ฆๅฝ, ๅฝใฆใฏใใ, ๅฝ็ถ, ๆใชใ, ๆๅคฑ, ็ก็ใช, ๅฅใฎ, ๅ้
๐๏ธ Topic 2: ๅฅ่ใงใฎ่ช็ถใชๆฎใใ โ Life at a Country Villa
๐ข N3/N2 Version
็งใฎๅฎถๆใฏใๅคใซใชใใจๅฑฑใฎ่ฟใใฎๅฅ่ใธ่กใไบๅฎใ็ซใฆใพใใๅฅ่ใฎๅจใใซใฏๅบใ้ๅใจๅนณ้ใใใใ่ช็ถใใจใฆใ่ฑใใงใใๆใฏๆฅๅฝใใใใใๅบญใงใ็ใฎ้่ใๆกใใพใใๅคใฏ็ฉบใซๆใ็นใ ใจๅ ใใพใใ
ๅฑฑใฎๅคฉๆฐใฏๅคใใใใใใฎใงใๆฏๆๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑใ็ขบ่ชใใใฎใๅฝใใๅใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ่ฟๆใฎ่พฒๅฎถใฎใใใใใใฏ็กๅฃใชไบบใงใใใ้็ใฎๅ็ฉใฎใใจใไฝใงใ็ฅใฃใฆใใพใใไปๅนดใๅฎถๆๅ จๅกใงใ็กไบใซๆฅฝใใๅคใ้ใใใใใงใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๅฅ่, ไบๅฎ, ้ๅ, ๅนณ้, ่ช็ถ, ๆฅๅฝใใใใใ, ้่, ็นใ ใจ, ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ, ๅฝใใๅ, ็กๅฃใช, ้็ใฎ, ๅ จๅก, ็กไบใซ
๐ด Advanced Version
็ฅ็ถใๆฎใใๅฅ่ใฏใ้ขๆฑๅนณ้ใ่ฆไธใใ้ซๅฐใซใใใๅคซใจๅฅๅฑ ใใฆใใใใใงใฏใชใใใ็งใฏๆใฎๅๅใใใใง้ใใไบๅฎใ็ตใฟใๆฎใใ้ฝไผใงๆฎใใใจใใ็ฌ็นใฎ็ๆดปใ็ถใใฆใใใๆใฏ้งใซๅ ใพใใ้ๅใๆญฉใใใใฎๅๅฐ็นๆใฎใฒใใใใจใใ็ฉบๆฐใๅธใ่พผใใ็ใง้่ใฎๆๅ ฅใใ็กๅฟใซใใฆใใใจใๆ้ใฎๆ่ฆใๆถใใฆใใใ
ๅคใฏ่ชในใใผใใซ็น็ซใใ็ใ็บใใชใใ้ใใชๆใ้ใใใๅฑฑใฎๆฎใใใซใใใฆใ่ช็ถใฏ็พใใใ ใใฎๅญๅจใงใฏ็กใใๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑใฏๆฌ ใใใชใใใใใฎๅฐๅใฏๅฐ้ใๅคใใๅฐ้ไบ็ฅใฎ็ ็ฉถใ้ฒใใใจใ้กใใฐใใใงใใใใใใงใใ้็ใฎ้นฟใๅบญๅ ใซ็พใใๆใ็นใ ใจ่ผใๅค็ฉบใ่ฆไธใใใใณใ้ฝไผใงใฏๅพใใใชใใใฎใใใใใซใฏๅฝใใๅใฎใใใซใใใจๆใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๅฅ่, ๅฅๅฑ , ๅนณ้, ไบๅฎ, ็ฌ็นใฎ, ้ๅ, ็นๆใฎ, ้่, ็กๅฟใซ, ็น็ซ, ่ช็ถ, ็กใ, ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ, ๅฐ้ไบ็ฅ, ้็ใฎ, ็นใ ใจ, ๅฝใใๅ
๐๏ธ Topic 3: ็นๆฅๅ่ปใฎๆ โ A Journey by Special Express
๐ข N3/N2 Version
ๅ ๆใๅไบบใจ็นๆฅใซไนใฃใฆใๆตทใฎ็บใธ่กใใพใใใๅธญใฏๆฉใใซไบ็ดใใพใใใ้ง ใงใฏไฟใฎไบบใ่ปไธกใฎ็นๆคใใใฆใใฆใๅฎๅฟใงใใพใใใใใฎ็นๆฅใฎ็นๅพดใฏใๅคงใใช็ชใจ้ใใช่ปๅ ใงใใๆกๅ ๆฟใซใฏ็นๅญใใคใใฆใใฆใ่ชฐใงใไฝฟใใใใใฎใ็น่ฒใงใใ
้ง ใฎๅฃฒๅบใงใฏ็นๅฃฒใใใฆใใฆใ็งใฏ็กๅฐใฎใใณใซใใ่ฒทใใพใใใไผๅกใซใผใใ่ฆใใใจใ้ฃฒใฟ็ฉใ็กๆใซใชใใพใใใๅคฉๆฐใฏไธๆฅไธญๆดใใฆใใๆดใใใใจใใไบๆณใๅฝใใใพใใใๅคๆนใ้ง ใงๅไบบใจๅฅใใฆๅฎถใซๅธฐใใพใใใใไปๆฅใฎๆ ่กใฏ็พ็นใ ใญใใจๅไบบใ็ฌใฃใฆใใพใใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ็นๆฅ, ไบ็ด, ็นๆค, ็นๅพด, ็นๅญ, ็น่ฒ, ็นๅฃฒ, ็กๅฐใฎ, ไผๅก, ็กๆใฎ, ไบๆณ, ๅฝใใ, ๅฅใใ, ็พ็น
๐ด Advanced Version
้ซๆ กใฎๆๅกใงใใ็งใฏใ้ทใไผใฟใฎใใณใซ้้ใฎๆ ใซๅบใใๅ ๆฅใใใคใฆ็กๅใฎๅญๅจใ ใฃใๅฐๆนใฎ็นๆฅใ่ฆณๅ ๅ่ปใจใใฆ็ใพใๅคใใฃใใจ่ใใ็นใซ่ๅณใๅผใใใฆไบ็ดใๅใฃใใ่ปๅ ใงๆกๅ ใใใฆใใใ้ๅนดใฏใๆฐๅนดๅใซๆใใๅๆฅญ็ใ ใฃใใๅถๆๅงฟใฏๆๅฎคใง่ฆใ้ ใจใฏใพใใงๅฅไบบใงใใใฎๆ้ทใถใใซ็ฎใ่ฆๅผตใฃใใ
ๅฝผใซใใใฐใใใฎๅ่ปใไปใจ้ใ็นใฏใๅฐๅ ใฎ่ทไบบใฎๆไปไบใ็ใใใๅ ่ฃ ใซใใใใใใใใๆๅคงใฎ็น้ทใ ใจใใใๅนด้ฝขใ้ๅฎณใฎๆ็กใงไนๅฎขใๅบๅฅใใชใ่จญ่จใๅพนๅบใใใฆใใใ้่ทฏใฎๆใใใซใฏ็นๅญใฎๆกๅ ใๆทปใใใใฆใใใๅทฎๅฅใฎ็กใ็ฉบ้ใฅใใใธใฎๅชๅใฏใ่ฆณๅ ใฎๅ้ใซใจใฉใพใใชใไพกๅคใๆใคใใฎใ ใใใ
่ป็ชใฎๆฏ่ฒใซใใตใจๅฟๅฝใใใใใฃใใๅญฆ็ๆไปฃใฎๆ ใง้ใฃใ่ทฏ็ทใ ใฃใใฎใ ใใใฎๆ ใใใๆๅกใจใใไปไบใ้ธใใ ๅ็นใงใใใใในใฆใฎๅบ็บ็นใ ใฃใใๆก็นใไผ่ญฐใซ่ฟฝใใใๆฅใ ใฎไธญใงใใ็ๅพใฎ็ญๆกใซใ็พ็นใใจๆธใๅใณใฏๅคใใใชใใๆ ใจใใๅ็นใซๆปใใใณใๅๅฟใจใใไธ็นใ ใใฏๅคฑใใพใใจๆใใ
Key Vocabulary Used: ๆๅก, ็กๅใฎ, ็นๆฅ, ็นใซ, ไบ็ด, ๅฅไบบ, ็น, ็น้ท, ๅบๅฅ, ็นๅญ, ๅทฎๅฅ, ็กใ, ๅ้, ๅฟๅฝใใ, ๅ็น, ๅบ็บ็น, ็พ็น
3. ๐ Complete Vocabulary List
Source: Kanji in Context by Nishiguchi & Kono โ Denisowski KIC List (v1.0). Raw file corrections silently applied; see ๐ Notes.
395 โ ๅก (employee)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็คพๅก | ใใใใ | company worker |
| ไผ็คพๅก | ใใใใใใ | company worker |
| ้่กๅก | ใใใใใใ | bank employee |
| ๆๅก | ใใใใใ | teacher |
| ๅทฅๅก | ใใใใ | factory worker |
| ไผๅก | ใใใใ | member (of a club or society) |
| ๅ จๅก | ใใใใ | all members, entire staff |
| ๅฎๅก | ใฆใใใ | (seating) capacity, quota |
| ไบบๅกๅๆธ | ใใใใใใใใ | personnel cut, reduction, layoff |
396 โ ็ถ (sort of thing)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ่ช็ถ | ใใใ | nature |
| ๅฝ็ถ | ใจใใใ | naturally, as a matter of course |
| ๅคฉ็ถใฌใน | ใฆใใญใใฌใน | natural gas |
| ๅ จ็ถ | ใใใใ | not at all |
397 โ ๆ (damage)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๆ | ใใ | loss, deficit; lose |
| ๆๅคฑ | ใใใใค | loss, deficit |
| ๆใชใ | ใใใชใ | hurt, damage |
398 โ ็น (spot)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็น | ใฆใ | point |
| ็พ็น | ใฒใใใฆใ | full marks, perfect score (on a test) |
| ๅบ็บ็น | ใใ ใฃใฑใคใฆใ | starting point |
| ๅ็น | ใใใฆใ | origin (of coordinates or axes) |
| ็นๅญ | ใฆใใ | braille |
| ็น็ซ | ใฆใใ | ignite |
| ็นๆค | ใฆใใใ | check |
| ็นใ ใจ | ใฆใใฆใใจ | here and there, sporadically, in drops |
399 โ ๅฝ (hit)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅฝๆ | ใจใใ | at that time |
| ่ฆๅฝ | ใใใจใ | estimate |
| ๆๅฝ | ใฆใใฆ | allowance, medical treatment; treat (a cut, burn, etc.) |
| ๅฝใใ | ใใใ | hit |
| ๆฅๅฝใใใใใ | ใฒใใใใใใ | be sunny, have lots of sunshine |
| ๅฝใใๅ | ใใใใพใ | natural, proper |
| ๅฝใฆใฏใใ | ใใฆใฏใใ | apply (a rule, etc.) |
| ไธไบบๅฝใใ | ใฒใจใใใใ | per person, per capita |
| ๅฟๅฝใใ | ใใใใใใ | idea |
| ๆฌๅฝใฎ | ใปใใจใใฎ | true, real |
| ๅฝๅ | ใจใใถใ | for the time being |
400 โ ็น (special)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็นๆฅ | ใจใฃใใ ใ | special express (train) |
| ็น่ฒ | ใจใใใใ | special characteristic |
| ็น้ท | ใจใใกใใ | special characteristic |
| ็นๅพด | ใจใใกใใ | distinctive feature |
| ็นๅฃฒ | ใจใใฐใ | bargain sale |
| ็นใซ | ใจใใซ | specially, particularly |
| ็นๆใฎ | ใจใใใใฎ | characteristic of, peculiar to |
| ็ฌ็นใฎ | ใฉใใจใใฎ | peculiar, original, unique |
401 โ ๅฅ (separate)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅฅใฎ | ในใคใฎ | different, separate, another |
| ๅบๅฅ | ใในใค | distinguish, differentiate |
| ๅฅๅฑ | ในใคใใ | live apart |
| ๅฅไบบ | ในใคใใ | different person |
| ๅทฎๅฅ | ใในใค | discriminate |
| ๅฅ่ | ในใฃใใ | country villa, country cottage, summer house |
| ๅฅใใ | ใใใใ | part from, separate from a person |
| ็นๅฅใช | ใจใในใคใช | special, particular |
402 โ ็ก (nothingness)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ็ก็ใช | ใใใช | impossible |
| ็กๅใฎ | ใใใใฎ | unknown |
| ็กๅฐใฎ | ใใใฎ | plain, unfigured |
| ็กๆใฎ | ใใใใใฎ | free (of charge) |
| ็กๅฃใช | ใใใกใช | taciturn, reticent |
| ็กๅฟใซ | ใใใใซ | innocently |
| ็กไบใซ | ใถใใซ | safely, with no problems |
| ็กใ | ใชใ | not have, not exist |
403 โ ้ (plains)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ๅ้ | ใถใใ | field (of studies, etc.) |
| ้็ใฎ | ใใใใฎ | wild |
| ้่ | ใใใ | vegetable |
| ๅนณ้ | ใธใใ | plain, flat land |
| ้ๅ | ใฎใฏใ | field, plain |
404 โ ไบ (beforehand)
| Vocabulary | Reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ไบๅฎ | ใใฆใ | plan, schedule; make a plan, prearrange |
| ไบ็ด | ใใใ | reservation, appointment; reserve, make an appointment |
| ไบๆณ | ใใใ | expect, foresee |
| ๅฐ้ไบ็ฅ | ใใใใใก | earthquake prediction |
| ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ | ใฆใใใใปใ | weather forecast |
4. ๐ก Study Aids & Learning Tips
Each subsection is a table for quick scanning. Column headers below are load-bearing โ match this shape when authoring so all chapters read alike.
A. Semantic Grouping
| Group | Kanji | Key Compounds |
|---|---|---|
| People and personnel | ๅก | ็คพๅก, ไผ็คพๅก, ้่กๅก, ๆๅก, ๅทฅๅก, ไผๅก, ๅ จๅก, ๅฎๅก, ไบบๅกๅๆธ |
| Hitting the mark, scoring points | ๅฝ, ็น | ๅฝใใ, ๅฝ็ถ, ๅฝใใๅ, ่ฆๅฝ, ๅฟๅฝใใ, ็น, ็พ็น, ็นๆค, ๅบ็บ็น, ๅ็น |
| Special vs separate | ็น, ๅฅ | ็นๅฅใช, ็นใซ, ็น่ฒ, ็นๅพด, ็ฌ็นใฎ, ๅบๅฅ, ๅทฎๅฅ, ๅฅใฎ, ๅฅไบบ |
| Absence and loss | ็ก, ๆ | ็กใ, ็ก็ใช, ็กๆใฎ, ็กๅใฎ, ๆ, ๆๅคฑ, ๆใชใ |
| Nature and open country | ็ถ, ้ | ่ช็ถ, ้็ใฎ, ้่, ้ๅ, ๅนณ้, ๅ้ |
| Looking ahead | ไบ | ไบๅฎ, ไบ็ด, ไบๆณ, ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ, ๅฐ้ไบ็ฅ |
B. On'yomi Pairs & Disambiguation
| Reading | Kanji | Domain | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใคใณ | ๅก | member, personnel | ๅ จๅก |
| ใฝใณ | ๆ | loss (ๅก phonetic, drifted) | ๆๅคฑ |
| ใผใณ | ็ถ | "so, thus" โ the usual reading | ๅฝ็ถ |
| ใใณ | ็ถ | same kanji, second on'yomi | ๅคฉ็ถ |
| ใใณ | ็น | point (same reading as ๅบ, L3) | ็นๆค |
| ใใฆ | ๅฝ | hit, correspond, current | ๅฝๆ |
| ใใฏ | ็น | special | ็นๆฅ |
| ใใ | ๅฅ | separate, distinct | ๅบๅฅ |
| ใ | ็ก | negation (productive prefix) | ็ก็ |
| ใ | ็ก | negation (fossilised words only) | ็กไบ |
| ใค | ้ | field (ไบ phonetic, drifted) | ๅ้ |
| ใจ | ไบ | beforehand | ไบๅฎ |
Watch: ็ก splits ใ (productive โ ็กๆ, ็กๅ, ็ก็, and dozens more) vs ใ (a closed set of fossilised words โ ็กไบ, ็ก็คผ, ็ก้ฃ). ็ถ splits ใผใณ (ๅฝ็ถ, ่ช็ถ) vs ใใณ (ๅคฉ็ถ). ็นๆฅ geminates: ใใฏ+ใญใฅใฆ โ ใจใฃใใ ใ.
C. Kun'yomi Verbs
| Verb | Reading | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๅฝใใ | ใใใ | hit, be on target (intrans.) | ไบๆณใๅฝใใ |
| ๅฝใฆใฏใใ | ใใฆใฏใใ | apply (a rule) to | ่ฆๅใๅฝใฆใฏใใ |
| ๅฅใใ | ใใใใ | part from (a person) | ้ง ใงๅไบบใจๅฅใใ |
| ๆใชใ | ใใใชใ | harm, impair | ๅฅๅบทใๆใชใ |
| ็กใ | ใชใ | not exist, not have | ๆ้ใ็กใ |
Note the kun-heavy ๅฝ family beyond the verbs: ๅฝใใๅ (ใใใใพใ "natural"), ๅฟๅฝใใ (ใใใใใใ "an idea/hunch"), ๆฅๅฝใใ (ใฒใใใ "sun exposure"), ไธไบบๅฝใใ (ใฒใจใใใใ "per person") โ all kun readings inside compound-looking words.
D. ๐ The โฝ/็ฌ (ใใฃใ) Radical Cluster (็ถ, ็น, ็ก)
Three of the ten kanji in this lesson end in the same four dots โ ็ฌ, the "fire" radical in its bottom position. But the dots are genuine fire in only two of them:
| Kanji | Radical role | Meaning source |
|---|---|---|
| ็ถ | genuine fire | originally "roast" โ โบผ (meat) + ็ฌ (dog) + ็ฌ (fire). The "burn" sense later moved to ็ (็ถ+็ซ, L64); ็ถ itself was borrowed for "so, thus" (ๅฝ็ถ, ่ช็ถ) |
| ็น | genuine fire | ๅ (sound) + fire: a flame scorches a surface, leaving a black mark โ dot, point. The traditional form ้ป uses ้ป (black) outright |
| ็ก | FALSE fire | a pictograph of a dancer with tasselled sleeves, borrowed for "nothing"; the four dots are the dancer's legs and tassels corrupted into ็ฌ. ่ (dance) carries on the original picture |
Takeaway: ็ฌ at the bottom of a kanji usually does mean fire (็ถ, ็น, ็ฑ, ็ ง, ็ฆ) โ but not always. In ็ก (and in ้ญ, where the dots are a fish tail), the dots are corrupted drawing, not flame. Don't assume the radical tells the meaning.
E. Watch Out! โ ๏ธ
| Item | Trap | Correct |
|---|---|---|
| ๆๅฝ (ใฆใใฆ) | Reading as ใใ ใจใ | ใฆใใฆ โ kun+kun despite the two-kanji compound shape. Same pattern in ๅฟๅฝใใ (ใใใใใใ) and ๆฅๅฝใใ (ใฒใใใ). |
| ็กไบใซ (ใถใใซ) | Reading as ใใใซ | ใถใใซ. ็ก keeps ใ only in a closed set of fossilised words (็กไบ, ็ก็คผ, ็ก้ฃ); everything productive is ใ . |
| ็น้ท vs ็นๅพด | Both read ใจใใกใใ | ็น้ท = strong point, merit (้ท "long suit" โ always positive); ็นๅพด = distinctive feature (neutral โ can even be a flaw). |
| ๅฅ่ (ในใฃใใ) | Reading as ในใคใใ | ในใฃใใ. ใใ geminates before the s-row: ๅฅ+่ โ ในใฃใใ. Compare ็นๅฅ (ใจใในใค โ no gemination, ใใ is final). |
| ้ๅ vs ๅนณ้ | Mixing ้'s on and kun slots | ้ๅ = ใฎใฏใ (kun ใฎ first); ๅนณ้ = ใธใใ (on ใค last). Same kanji, opposite positions, opposite readings. |
| ไธไบบๅฝใใ | Reading as ใใกใซใใใใ | ใฒใจใใใใ โ ไธไบบ keeps its irregular kun ใฒใจใ even inside the longer compound. |
| ๅคฉ็ถ (ใฆใใญใ) | Assuming ็ถ is always ใผใณ | ็ถ splits: ใผใณ in ๅฝ็ถใป่ช็ถ, but ใใณ in ๅคฉ็ถ (and in ็ later). |
5. โ๏ธ Writing Practice Prompts
-
ใใชใใฎไผ็คพ(็ฅใฃใฆใใไผ็คพใงใใใใงใ)ใไบบๅกๅๆธใ็บ่กจใใใจๆณๅใใฆใ็ญใใใฅใผใน่จไบใๆธใใฆใใ ใใใ็คพๅกใฏไฝไบบใใพใใใๆๅคฑใฏใฉใฎใใใใงใใใๅ จๅกใใฉใๅๅฟใใพใใใใ(Use: ไบบๅกๅๆธ, ็คพๅก, ๅ จๅก, ๆๅคฑ, ๅฝ็ถ)
-
็ๆณใฎๅฅ่ใซใคใใฆๆธใใฆใใ ใใใใฉใใช่ช็ถใซๅฒใพใใฆใใพใใใๆฅๅฝใใใฏใฉใใงใใใๅบญใ็ใง้่ใ่ฒใฆใพใใใ(Use: ๅฅ่, ่ช็ถ, ๆฅๅฝใใใใใ, ้่, ้ๅ)
-
็นๆฅใซไนใฃใๆ ่กใฎๆใๅบใๆธใใฆใใ ใใใๅธญใฏไบ็ดใใพใใใใใใฎ้ป่ปใฎ็น่ฒใ็นๅพดใฏไฝใงใใใใๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑใฏๅฝใใใพใใใใ(Use: ็นๆฅ, ไบ็ด, ็น่ฒ, ็นๅพด, ๅฝใใ, ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ)
-
ใใชใใฎๆงๆ ผใ่ชฌๆใใฆใใ ใใใ็กๅฃใงใใใใใ่ฉฑใใพใใใ็นใซๅพๆใชๅ้ใฏไฝใงใใใใปใใฎไบบใจ่ชๅใๅบๅฅใใ็นใฏใฉใใงใใใ(Use: ็กๅฃใช, ็นใซ, ๅ้, ๅบๅฅ, ็น)
6. ๐งช Quick Self-Test
Fill in the reading for each word, then check your answers.
| # | Word | Your Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ๅ จๅก | |
| 2 | ไบบๅกๅๆธ | |
| 3 | ๅฝ็ถ | |
| 4 | ๆๅคฑ | |
| 5 | ็นๆค | |
| 6 | ๆๅฝ | |
| 7 | ็นๅพด | |
| 8 | ๅฅ่ | |
| 9 | ็กไบใซ | |
| 10 | ้ๅ | |
| 11 | ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ | |
| 12 | ่ฆๅฝ |
Answers
- ใใใใ
- ใใใใใใใใ
- ใจใใใ
- ใใใใค
- ใฆใใใ
- ใฆใใฆ
- ใจใใกใใ
- ในใฃใใ
- ใถใใซ
- ใฎใฏใ
- ใฆใใใใปใ
- ใใใจใ
After authoring questions, run nu scripts/selftest-answers.nu 23 to auto-fill the Answers block.
๐ Notes
References: Kanji in Context by Nishiguchi & Kono (Lesson 23, Kanji 395โ404) ยท Denisowski KIC Vocabulary List v1.0 (
http://denisowski.org/Japanese/KIC/kanji_in_context_023.txt)